News

 Statistics

Number of Journals34
Number of Issues1,306
Number of Articles9,427
Article View9,188,253
PDF Download5,620,716
malakzadeh, A., -, -. (2019). Phase-Sensitive Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorin Passive Defense Measures. Electronic and Cyber Defense, 9(4), 93-103.
abdollah malakzadeh; - -. "Phase-Sensitive Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorin Passive Defense Measures". Electronic and Cyber Defense, 9, 4, 2019, 93-103.
malakzadeh, A., -, -. (2019). 'Phase-Sensitive Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorin Passive Defense Measures', Electronic and Cyber Defense, 9(4), pp. 93-103.
malakzadeh, A., -, -. Phase-Sensitive Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorin Passive Defense Measures. Electronic and Cyber Defense, 2019; 9(4): 93-103.

Phase-Sensitive Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorin Passive Defense Measures

پدافند غیرعامل
Article 9, Volume 9, Issue 4 - Serial Number 36, February 2019, Pages 93-103    PDF (1.27 M)
Document Type: Original Article
Authors
abdollah malakzadeh* 1; - -2
1-----
2-
Receive Date: 01 March 2018,  Accept Date: 17 October 2018 
Abstract
Monitoring the safety of huge structures and buildings such as bridges, dams, subways railways and airports as well as energy transmission pipelines and also monitoring places such as borders, security centers etcetera to reduce damages due to natural and non-natural disasters are subjects of particular interest in passive defense. In order to reduce the detriment of the events, various methods are applied such as: the use of accelerometers, radars, and vibration detection systems that operate with GPS to monitor the safety of bridges, tunnels and dams; the use of radars to monitor runways; the use of various wireless communication methods in rail lines, as well as methods to detect leakage of energy pipelines and etc. The safest and most innovative way to achieve this goal is the use of phase-sensitive distributed optical fiber sensor based on Rayleigh scattering. In these sensors, the Erbium amplifier and stimulated Raman and Brillouin scatterings are used to increase the sensing range. In the initial configurations of the sensor, the sensing range was about 6 km by utilizing Erbium amplifier. Maximum sensing range belongs to combination of Erbium and Brillouin amplifiers, which is about 300 kilometers. Along with the high sensing range, the accuracy and sensitivity of this category of sensors attract the attention of researchers and officials of various communities, especially for the purpose of passive defense measures.
Keywords
Passive Defense; Distributed Optical Fiber Sensor; Rayleigh Scattering; Phase-Sensitive OTDR (Ф-OTDR); Erbium Amplifier; Raman Amplifier; Brillouin Amplifier
References
  1. J. Movahedinia, “Principles of passive defense,” Malek Ashtar Industrial university, 2007.##
  2. H. Hajhosseinzadeh and A. Aghadadi, “The role of passive defense in risk management of national and strategic projects,” International Conference on Strategic Project Management, Sharif University of Technology, 2008.##
  3. D. A. Krohn, “Fiber optic sensors-Fundamental and applications,” Instrument Society of America, 2014##.
  4. National Institute of Building Sciences, “Provide Security for Building Occupants and Assets,” http: //www .wbdg.org/ design/ provide_security.php, 2007##.
  5. Global Security.org. “US-Mexico border fence,” http:// www.global security.org/security/systems/mexico-wall.htm, 2007##.
  6. F. Xinyu, et al, “Distributed Fiber- Vibration Sensing Based on Phase Extraction from Optical Reflectometry,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 35, no. 16, pp. 3281-3288, 2016.##
  7. R. W. Boyd, “Nonlinear Optics,” Third Edition, 2003.##
  8. I. L. Fabelinskii, “Molecular scattering of light,” Springer Science & Business Media, 2012.##
  9. K. S. Thyagarajan and A. Ghatak, “Fiber optic essentials,” John Wiley & Sons, vol. 10, 2007.##
  10. C. M. Davis, E. F. Carome, M. H. Weik, S. Ezekiel, and R. E. Einzig, “Fiber optic sensors technology handbook,” Optical Technologies- A Division of Dynamic System INC.##
  11. H. F. Taylor and C. E. Le, “Apparatus and method for fiber optic intrusion sensing,” U.S. Patent 5 194 847, March 16, 1993##.
  12. M. Mansoursamaei, A. Malakzadeh, S. Nouri Jouybari, and R. Pashaei, “Achieving the spatial resolution of a millimeter for 17.5 km sensing fiber in distributed optical fiber sensor based on Brillouin scattering,” Tabriz Azad University, 2016.##
  13. M. Mansoursamaei, A. Malakzadeh, S. Nouri Jouybari, and R. Pashaei, “Improvement of spatial resolution in distributed fiber optic sensors based on correlation using phase correlation method,” Tabriz Azad University, 2016.##
  14. M. Mansoursamaei, A. Malakzadeh, and S. Nouri Jouybari, “Distributed Fiber Optic Sensors, A New Method for Reduction of Damage Caused by Disasters and Disasters in Tehran's Urban Structures,” Quarterly Journal of Crisis Management and Prevention, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 320-331, 2017.##
  15. S. D. Personick and P. Probe, “An Optical-Fiber Time-Domain Reflectometer,” TheBell System Technical Journal, pp. 355-366, vol. 56, no. 3, 1977.##
  16. L. Xin, et al, “Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors for Vibration Detection,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 1164, 2016.##
  17. H. F. Taylor and C. E. Lee, “Apparatus and method for fiber optic intrusion sensing,” U.S. Patent 5 194 847, March 16, 1993.##
  18. J. C. Juan, et al, “Distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol. 23.6, pp. 2081-2087, 2005.##
  19. C. A. Cem and A. Altuncu, “Gain and noise figure performance of Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA),” Journal of electrical & electronics engineering, vol. 4.2, 2004.##
  20. A. Ghatak and K. Thyagajan “introduction to fiber optics,” Cambridge university press, 1997.##
  21. C. Kyoo Nam, J. C. Juarez, and H. F. Taylor, “Distributed fiber optic pressure/seismic sensor for low-cost monitoring of long perimeters,” Unattended Ground Sensor Technologies and Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 5090, 2003.##
  22. J. C. Juarez and H. F. Taylor, “Polarization discrimination in a phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometer            intrusion-sensor system,” Optics letters, vol. 30.24, pp.           3284-3286, 2005.##
  23. Y. J. Rao, et al, “Distributed intrusion detection based on combination of φ-OTDR and POTDR,” 19th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 7004, 2008.‏##
  24. J.C. Juarez, and H.F. Taylor, “Field test of a distributed fiber-optic intrusion sensor system for long perimeters,” Applied Optics, vol. 46.11, pp. 1968-1971, 2007.##
  25. Li. Qian, “Experiment on erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” Advanced Labs for Special Topics in Photonics (ECE 1640H), University of Toronto, pp. 1-36, 1998.##
  26. M. N.  Islam, “Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 1,” Physical Principles, 2004.##
  27. K. Rasmus, et al, “Raman amplification in optical communication systems,” Diss. unknown, 2008.##
  28. A. Malakzadeh, R. Pashaei, and M. Mansoursamaei, “Increasing the gain and decreasing the noise figure in the φ-OTDR sensor with combinations of Erbium and Raman amplifiers,” Imam Hussein University, 2017.##
  29. Y. J.  Rao, et al, “Long-distance fiber-optic Φ-OTDR intrusion sensing system,” 20th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2009.##
  30. R. Pashaei and A. Malakzadeh, “Designing and simulation a phase sensitive distributed fiber optic sensor based on Rayleigh backscattering for monitoring borders,” 20th International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2017.##
  31. B. OL. Matheus, M. J. Pontes, and M. EV. Segatto, “Design of a wideband hybrid EDFA with a fiber Raman amplifier,” Microwave & Optoelectronics Conference (IMOC), 2011 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International, IEEE, 2011.##
  32.  G. P. Agrawal, “Nonlinear fiber optics,” Academic press, 2007.##
  33. Li, Jin, et al, “124 km Phase-sensitive OTDR with Brillouin Amplification,” Proc. SPIE., vol. 9157, 2014.##
  34. Wang, Zinan, et al, “175 km phase-sensitive OTDR with hybrid distributed amplification,” Proc. SPIE, vol. 9157, 2014.##
    1. Inaudi, Daniele, and B. Glisic, “Long-range pipeline monitoring by distributed fiber optic sensing,” Journal of pressure vessel technology, vol. 132.1, p. 011701, 2010.##
    2. S. H. Zarghani, H. Azami, and A. Lotfi, “Investigating of Border Management Methods and Policies and Its Role in Border Security,” Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, 2013.##
    3. Snidera, T. William, et al, “Border security utilizing a distributed fiber optic intrusion sensor,” 2008.##‏
    4. W. Huijuan, et al, “Field test of a fully distributed fiber optic intrusion detection system for long-distance security monitoring of national border line,” OFS2014 23rd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2014.##
    5. C. K. Madsen, et al, “Real-time processing of a phase-sensitive distributed fiber optic perimeter sensor,” Proc. SPIE., vol. 6943, 2008.##
    6. http://www.optasense.com/, accessed on 06/11/2018.##
    7. Beasley, DL. Patrick, et al, “Tarsier/spl R/, a millimetre wave radar for airport runway debris detection,” Radar Conference, 2004. EURAD. First European, IEEE, 2004.‏##
    8. Pi. Yiming, L. Fan, and X. Yang, “Airport detection and runway recognition in SAR images,” Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS'03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International, IEEE, Vol. 6, 2003.##
    9. J. Andrews and J. Robinso, “Radar-based analysis of the efficiency of runway use,” AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, 2001.##‏
    10. M. Sabina, et al, “Runways ground monitoring system by    phase-sensitive optical-fiber OTDR,” Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 2017 IEEE International Workshop on. IEEE, 2017.‏##
    11. Yu. Huaping and M. Guo, “An efficient oil and gas pipeline monitoring systems based on wireless sensor networks,” Information Security and Intelligence Control (ISIC), 2012 International Conference on. IEEE, 2012.‏##
    12. Jawhar, Imad, N. Mohamed, and K. Shuaib, “A framework for pipeline infrastructure monitoring using wireless sensor networks,” Wireless telecommunications symposium, 2007. WTS 2007. IEEE, 2007.##‏
    13. S. Yoon, W. Ye, J. Heidemann, B. Littlefield, and C. Shahabi, “SWATS: Wireless sensor networks for steamflood and waterflood pipeline monitoring,” IEEE network, vol. 25, no. 1, 2011.##
    14. Jawhar, Imad, et al, “A routing protocol and addressing scheme for oil, gas, and water pipeline monitoring using wireless sensor networks,” Wireless and Optical Communications Networks, 2008. WOCN'08. 5th IFIP International Conference on. IEEE, 2008.‏##
    15. Sun, Zhi, et al, “MISE-PIPE: Magnetic induction-based wireless sensor networks for underground pipeline monitoring,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 9.3, pp. 218-227, 2011.##‏
    16. T. Dongjie, et al, “An oil and gas pipeline pre-warning system based on Φ-OTDR,” 23rd International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9157, 2014.##‏
    17. Zhang, Jingdong, et al, “Breaking through the band width barrier in distributed fiber vibration sensing by sub-Nyquist randomized sampling,” Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS), 2017 25th. IEEE, 2017.##‏
 

 

  1. Peng, Fei, et al, “Ultra-long high-sensitivity Φ-OTDR for high spatial resolution intrusion detection of pipelines,” Optics express, vol. 22.11, pp. 13804-13810, 2014.
  2. Shi, Yi, H. Feng, and Z. Zeng, “A long distance phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer with simple structure and high locating accuracy,” Sensors, vol. 15.9, pp. 21957-21970, 2015.
  3. https://www.apsensing.com/application/pipeline-monitoring/, accessed on 06/11/2018.
  4. Lynch, P. Jerome, et al, “Design of piezoresistive MEMS-based accelerometer for integration with wireless sensing unit for structural monitoring,” Journal of Aerospace Engineering, vol. 16.3, pp. 108-114, 2003.
  5. G. Luzi, M. Crosetto, and O. Monserrat, “Advanced techniques for dam monitoring,” Proc. of II Int. Congress on Dam Maintenance and Rehabilitation. 2010.‏
  6. A. Loperte, et al, “Ground penetrating radar in dam monitoring: the test case of Acerenza (Southern Italy),” International Journal of Geophysics 2011, 2011.
  7. Alba, Mario, et al, “Structural monitoring of a large dam by terrestrial laser scanning,” International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, vol. 36.5, no. 6, 2006.
  8. C. Mehmet and A. Sanli, “GPS in pioneering dynamic monitoring of long-period structures,” Earthquake Spectra, vol. 18.1, pp. 47-61, 2002. ‏
  9. https://roctest.com/en/case-study/gota-bridge-monitoring-2/, accessed on 06/11/2018.
  10. Zhang, Jingdong, et al, “Breaking through the band width barrier in distributed fiber vibration sensing by sub-Nyquist randomized sampling,” Optical Fiber Sensors Conference (OFS), 2017 25th. IEEE, 2017.‏
  11. Fan, Xinyu, et al, “Distributed Fiber-Optic Vibration Sensing Based on Phase Extraction from Optical Reflectometry,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 35.16, pp. 3281-3288, 2017.
  12. Lu. Yuelan, et al, “Distributed vibration sensor based on coherent detection of phase-OTDR,” Journal of lightwave Technology, vol. 28.22, pp. 3243-3249, 2010.
  13. Sh. Leilei, et al, “Effect of laser linewidth on phase-OTDR based distributed vibration sensing regime,” 23rd International Conference on Optical Fibre Sensors, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9157, 2014.‏
  14. M. Hartong, R. Goel, and D. Wijesekera, “Communications security concerns in communications based train control,” WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, vol. 88, 2006.
  15. Application of Fiber Optic Sensors in rail Safety, “rail_monitoring,” http://www.fotech.com/product/ -_with-das.
  16. Peng, Fei, et al, “Real-time position and speed monitoring of trains using phase-sensitive OTDR,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 26.20, pp. 2055-2057, 2014.
  17. Yu. Xuhui, et al, “Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometer for distributed fence-perimeter intrusion detection,” AOPC 2015: Optical Fiber Sensors and Applications, International Society for Optics and Photonics, vol. 9679, 2015.‏
Statistics
Article View: 3,008
PDF Download: 2,221