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چرخه بازتولید نفوذ مالی: پیامدهای ظهور و تقویت سوپرپکها در نظام انتخاباتی ایالات متحده | ||
| مطالعات راهبردی آمریکا | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 22 تیر 1405 | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| مجید عادلی* ؛ علی نوریپور | ||
| دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی مطالعات منطقهای- آمریکای شمالی، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| تاریخ دریافت: 22 شهریور 1404، تاریخ بازنگری: 15 خرداد 1405، تاریخ پذیرش: 22 تیر 1405 | ||
| چکیده | ||
| پس از آرای حقوقی «سیتیزنز یونایتد» و «اسپیچنو» در سال ۲۰۱۰، معماری مالی انتخابات ایالات متحده دگرگون شد و «سوپرپکها» به محور سازماندهی منابع بیرون از چارچوب رسمی احزاب و کارزارها بدل گردیدند. این مقاله با اتکاء به ادبیات حقوقی و علومسیاسی، دادههای کمیسیون انتخابات فدرال و پایشهای رسانهای، به این پرسش میپردازد که ظهور و تقویت سوپرپکها چه پیامدهایی برای فرایندهای مالی، ارتباطی و سازمانی رقابتهای انتخاباتی داشته است؟ فرضیه پژوهش آن است که سوپرپکها با برونسپاری مسیرهای تأمین و هزینهکرد، نفوذ مالی را از سطح فردی و حزبی به سطحی شبکهای و بازتولیدشونده ارتقا دادهاند. یافتههای این پژوهش که مبتنیبر رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و با بهرهگیری از روش مطالعه اسنادی انجام شده است نشان میدهد که پس از سال ۲۰۱۰، هزینههای بیرونی رشدی تصاعدی یافته و سهم قابلتوجهی از پیامرسانی انتخاباتی را از ستادهای رسمی ربوده است؛ منابع مالی در دست اقلیتی از اهداکنندگان بزرگ و کنسرسیومهای سازمانیافته متمرکز شده و بر دستورکار تقنینی اثر گذاشته است؛ تبلیغات منفی و تکنیکهایی چون «ردباکسینگ» تبعات احتمالی را از نامزدها به بازوان بیرونی منتقل کردهاند؛ شبکههای پول تاریک تعمیق یافته و شفافیت انتخاباتی را تضعیف کردهاند؛ و با گسترش سوپرپکهای تکنامزدی، بسیاری از کارکردهای حزبی به شبکههای توسعهیافته و «احزاب سایه» واگذار شده است. برآیند این تحولات آن است که نفوذ مالی در سیاست آمریکا نه مقطعی، بلکه در قالب چرخهای پایدار و نهادی بازتولید میشود؛ چرخهای که پرسشهای جدی درباره برابری سیاسی، شفافیت و کیفیت دموکراتیک انتخابات در این کشور برمیانگیزد. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| انتخابات آمریکا؛ سوپرپکها؛ پول تاریک؛ برونسپاری حزبی؛ چرخه بازتولید نفوذ مالی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Cycle of Reproducing Financial Influence: The Implications of the Emergence and Strengthening of Super PACs in the United States Electoral System | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Majid Adeli؛ Ali Nouripour | ||
| Ph.D. Candidate in Regional Studies–North America, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Following the Citizens United and SpeechNow judicial rulings in 2010, the financial architecture of U.S. elections underwent a fundamental transformation, and “Super PACs” became the central mechanism for organizing resources outside the formal framework of parties and campaigns. Drawing on the legal and political science literature, Federal Election Commission data, and media monitoring, this article addresses the question of what consequences the emergence and strengthening of Super PACs have had for the financial, communicative, and organizational processes of electoral competition. The research hypothesis is that, by outsourcing channels of fundraising and expenditure, Super PACs have elevated financial influence from the individual and party level to a networked and self-reproducing level. The findings of this study, conducted on the basis of a descriptive-analytical approach and using documentary research, show that since 2010, outside spending has grown exponentially and has captured a significant share of electoral messaging from official campaign organizations. Financial resources have become concentrated in the hands of a minority of major donors and organized consortia, thereby influencing the legislative agenda. Negative advertising and techniques such as “redboxing” have shifted potential liabilities from candidates to outside arms. Dark money networks have deepened and weakened electoral transparency. Moreover, with the expansion of single-candidate Super PACs, many party functions have been delegated to expanded networks and “shadow parties.” The overall result of these developments is that financial influence in American politics is reproduced not episodically, but through a stable and institutionalized cycle—a cycle that raises serious questions about political equality, transparency, and the democratic quality of elections in the United States. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| U.S. elections, Super PACs, dark money, party outsourcing, cycle of reproducing financial influence | ||
| مراجع | ||
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آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 42 |
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