آمار

تعداد نشریات36
تعداد شماره‌ها1,192
تعداد مقالات8,579
تعداد مشاهده مقاله6,988,715
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله4,032,569
اسکندری نسب, محمد. (1402). اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست: ارائه رویکردی جامع‌تر در ارتباطات سیاسی. پدافند الکترونیکی و سایبری, 9(3), 145-182.
محمد اسکندری نسب. "اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست: ارائه رویکردی جامع‌تر در ارتباطات سیاسی". پدافند الکترونیکی و سایبری, 9, 3, 1402, 145-182.
اسکندری نسب, محمد. (1402). 'اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست: ارائه رویکردی جامع‌تر در ارتباطات سیاسی', پدافند الکترونیکی و سایبری, 9(3), pp. 145-182.
اسکندری نسب, محمد. اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست: ارائه رویکردی جامع‌تر در ارتباطات سیاسی. پدافند الکترونیکی و سایبری, 1402; 9(3): 145-182.

اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست: ارائه رویکردی جامع‌تر در ارتباطات سیاسی

دولت پژوهی ایران معاصر
مقاله 6، دوره 9، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 20، آذر 1402، صفحه 145-182    اصل مقاله (870.72 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
محمد اسکندری نسب*
گروه جامعه شناسی دانشگاه تهران
تاریخ دریافت: 30 مهر 1402،  تاریخ بازنگری: 26 آبان 1402،  تاریخ پذیرش: 15 آذر 1402 
چکیده
در مقاله حاضر چهارچوبی نظری به نام اصل «سیاست-رسانه-سیاست» تشریح می‌شود. هدف این اصل، فراهم آوردن بنیادی مفهومی است که بر اساس آن، روشی جامع برای شرح نقش رسانه‌های خبری در فرآیندهای سیاسی دولت‌ها ایجاد شود. اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست بر اساس دو ادعای محوری بنا شده است. نخست اینکه، به خوبی می‌توان نقش رسانه‌ها را در فرآیندهای سیاسی، به‌صورت چرخه‌ای درک کرد که در آن، نوسانات در محیط سیاسی یک دولت به نوسانات در جریان رسانه‌ای منجر شده و این امر متعاقباً موجب نوسانات بیشتر در محیط سیاسی می‌شود. دوم، رسانه‌ها با توجه به توانایی‌شان برای تبدیل واقعیت‌های سیاسی به روایت‌های خبری (که برخی مواقع تأثیر به سزایی بر روی نتایج سیاسی دارند) می‌توانند نقشی مستقل در پروسه‌های سیاسی داشته باشند. این بحث به سه بخش عمده تقسیم می‌شود. در بخش نخست، برخی از نظریه‌های مهم ارتباطات سیاسی بررسی شده که درواقع اصول مبنایی اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست هستند. در بخش دوم، از یافته‌های محدوده متنوعی از مطالعات استفاده شده تا سودمندی این اصل را تشرح شود. در نهایت در بخش سوم این مقاله برخی استثنائات این اصل بیان شده است
کلیدواژه‌ها
اصل سیاست-رسانه-سیاست؛ ارتباطات سیاسی؛ سیاستِ رسانه‌محور؛ فضای سیاسی؛ فضای رسانه‌ای
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Politics-Media-Politics Principle: Towards A More Comprehensive Approach To Political Communication
نویسندگان [English]
Mohamad Eskandari Nasab
University of Tehran
چکیده [English]
This paper develops a theoretical framework labeled the Politics-Media-Politics (PMP) principle. The aim of this principle is to provide a conceptual foundation upon which to create a more comprehensive approach to explaining the role of the news media in political processes. The PMP principle is based on two central claims. First, the role of the media in political processes can best be understood as a cycle in which variations in the political environment lead to variations in media conduct that, in turn, lead to further variations in the political environment. Second, the media can play an independent role in political processes due to their ability to transform political realities into news stories that can at times have a significant impact on political outcomes. The discussion is divided into three main sections. The first section reviews some of the major theories in political communication that serve as building blocks for the PMP principle. The second section uses findings from a diverse range of studies to demonstrate the PMP principle’s usefulness. The third part of the paper presents some revealing exceptions to the PMP principle
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Politics-Media-Politics (PMP), Political Communication, Political Processes, Political Environment, Media Environment
مراجع
  1. Adoni, H., & Mane, S. (1984). Media and the social construction of reality toward an integration of theory and research. Communication Research, 11(3), 323–340.
  2. Anderson, B. (2004). News flash: Journalism, infotainment and the bottom-line business of broadcast news. New York: Jossey-Bass.
  3. Ansolabehere, S., & Iyengar, S. (2010). Going negative. New York: Free Press.
  4. Avraham, E., Wolfsfeld, G., & Aburaiya, I. (2000). Dynamics in the news coverage of minorities: the case of the Arab citizens of Israel. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 24(2), 117–133.
  5. Avraham, E. (2003). Behind media marginality: Coverage of social groups and places in the Israeli press. Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books.
  6. Ayish, M. I. (2002). Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns. Political Communication, 19(2), 137–154.
  7. Barstow, D., & Stein, R. (2005). Under Bush, a new age of prepackaged news. New York Times, 13, 18–19.
  8. Baumgartner, F. R., De Boef, S., & Boydstun, A. E. (2008). The decline of the death penalty and the discovery of innocence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  9. Balmas, M., & Sheafer, T. (2010). Candidate image in election campaigns:
  10. Attribute agenda setting, affective priming, and voting intentions.
  11. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 22(2), 204.
  12. Bennett, W. L. (1990). Toward a theory of press-state relations in the UnitedStates. Journal of Communication, 40(2), 103–125.
  13. Bennett, W. L., Lawrence, R. G., & Livingston, S. (2007). When the press fails:
  14. Political power and the news media from Iraq to Katrina. Chicago:
  15. University Of Chicago Press.
  16. Bradley, P. (2004). Mass media and the shaping of American feminism, 1963– 1975. Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi.
  17. Brants, K. (1998). Who’s afraid of infotainment? European Journal of communication, 13(3), 315–335.
  18. Brodie, M., Hamel, E., Brady, L. A., & Altman, D. E. (2004). AIDS at 21: Media coverage of the HIV epidemic 1981–2002. The Nation, 49, 68.
  19. Byerly, C. M., & Ross, K. (2008). Women and media: A critical introduction.
  20. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell.
  21. Campbell, J. E. (2005). Why Bush won the presidential election of 2004: Incumbency, ideology, terrorism, and turnout. Political Science Quarterly, 120(2), 219–241.
  22. Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1996). News frames, political cynicism, and media cynicism. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546, 71–84.
  23. Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of Cynicism: The Press and the Public Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
  24. Carragee, K. M., & Roefs, W. (2004). The Neglect of Power in Recent Framing Research. The Journal of Communication, 54(2), 214–233.
  25. Chong, D., & Druckman, J. N. (2007). Framing theory. Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.
  26. De Vreese, C. H. (2005). The spiral of cynicism reconsidered. European Journal of communication, 20(3), 283–301.
  27. De Vreese, C. H., Banducci, S. A., Semetko, H. A., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2006). The news coverage of the 2004 European Parliamentary election campaign in 25 countries. European Union Politics, 7(4), 477–504.
  28. De Vreese, C. H., & Semetko, H. A. (2002). Cynical and engaged strategic campaign coverage, public opinion, and mobilization in a referendum.
  29. Communication Research, 29(6), 615–641.
  30. Dimitrova, D. V., Kaid, L. L., Williams, A. P., & Trammell, K. D. (2005). War on the Web: The Immediate News Framing of Gulf War II. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 10(1), 22–44.
  31. Druckman, J. N. (2004). Priming the vote: Campaign effects in a US Senate election. Political Psychology, 577–594.
  32. Druckman, J. N. (2005). Media matter: How newspapers and television news cover campaigns and influence voters. Political Communication, 22(4), 463–481.
  33. Elenbaas, M., & De Vreese, C. H. (2008). The effects of strategic news on political cynicism and vote choice among young voters. Journal of Communication, 58(3), 550–567.
  34. Entman R. M. (2003). Cascading activation: Contesting the White House’s frame after 9/11. Political Communication, 20(4), 415–432.
  35. Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  36. Entman, R. M., & Page, B. (1994). The news before the storm: The Iraq War debate and the limits to media independence. In L. Bennett & D. L. Paletz (Eds.), Taken by storm: The media, public opinion, and US foreign policy in the Gulf War (pp. 82–101). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  37. Esser, F. (1999). Tabloidization of News: A comparative analysis of AngloAmerican and German press journalism. European Journal of Communication, 14(3), 291–324.
  38. Felt, W. M., & O’Connor, J. (2006). A G-Man’s Life: The FBI, Being ‘Deep Throat’, and the Struggle for Honor in Washington. Washington, D.C.:
  39. Public Affairs.
  40. First, A., & Avraham, E. (2003). Changes in the political, social, and media environments and their impact on the coverage of conflict: The case of the Arab citizens of Israel. Conflict & Communication, 2.
  41. Fiss, P. C., & Hirsch, P. M. (2005). The discourse of globalization: Framing and sensemaking of an emerging concept. American Sociological Review, 70(1), 29–52.
  42. Franklin, D. P. (2006). Politics and film: The political culture of film in the United States. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
  43. Froehlich, R., & Rüdiger, B. (2006). Framing political public relations: Measuring success of political communication strategies in Germany. Public Relations Review, 32(1), 18–25.
  44. Gamson, W. A., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W., & Sasson, T. (1992). Media images and the social construction of reality. Annual Review of Sociology, 373–393.
  45. Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1989). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power: A constructionist approach. American Journal of Sociology, 95(1), 1–37.
  46. Golan, G. (2006). Inter-media agenda setting and global news coverage: Assessing the influence of the New York Times on three network television evening news programs. Journalism Studies, 7(2), 323–333.
  47. Hackett, R. A. (2006). Is peace journalism possible? Three frameworks for assessing structure and agency in news media. Conflict & Communication, 5(2), 1–13.
  48. Hallin, D. C. (1989). The uncensored war: The media and Vietnam. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press.
  49. Hallin, D. C. (1992). Sound bite news: Television coverage of elections, 1968– 1988. Journal of Communication, 42(2), 5–24.
  50. Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2011). Comparing media systems beyond the Western world. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  51. Hänggli, R. (2012). Key factors in frame building: How strategic political actors shape news media coverage. American Behavioral Scientist, 56(3), 300– 317.
  52. Hanitzsch, T. (2004). Journalists as peacekeeping force? Peace journalism and mass communication theory. Journalism Studies, 5(4), 483–495.
  53. Hansen, A. (1991). The media and the social construction of the environment.
  54. Media, Culture and Society, 13(4), 443–458.
  55. Holland, M. (2012). Leak: Why Mark Felt became Deep Throat. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
  56. Hollihan, T. A. (2010). Uncivil wars: Political campaigns in a media age. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
  57. Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1988). News that matters: Television and American opinion: University of Chicago Press.
  58. Kane, M. J. (1988). Media coverage of the female athlete before, during, and after Title IX: Sports Illustrated revisited. Journal of Sport Management, 2(2), 87–99.
  59. Kelleher, C. A., & Wolak, J. (2006). Priming Presidential approval: The conditionality of issue effects. Political Behavior, 28(3), 193–210
  60. Kim, S.-H., Carvalho, J. P., & Davis, A. C. (2010). Talking about poverty: News framing of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 87(3–4), 563–581.
  61. Lenz, G. S. (2009). Learning and opinion change, not priming: Reconsidering the priming hypothesis. American Journal of Political Science, 53(4), 821–837.
  62. Livingston, S., & Bennett, W. L. (2003). Gatekeeping, indexing, and live-event news: Is technology altering the construction of news? Political Communication, 20(4), 363–380.
  63. Lynch, J., & McGoldrick, A. (2005). Peace journalism. Stroud, UK: Hawthorn Press Stroud.
  64. Mendelberg, T. (1997). Executing Hortons: Racial crime in the 1988 presidential campaign. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1), 134–157.
  65. Mermin, J. (1999). Debating war and peace: Media coverage of US intervention in the post-Vietnam era. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  66. Moy, P., Xenos, M. A., & Hess, V. K. (2005). Communication and citizenship: Mapping the political effects of infotainment. Mass Communication & Society, 8(2), 111–131.
  67. Mutz, D. C. (1995). Effects of horse-race coverage on campaign coffers: Strategic contributing in presidential primaries. The Journal of Politics, 57(4), 1015–1042.
  68. Norris, P. (2000). A virtuous circle: Political communications in postindustrial societies. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  69. Nossek, H. (2004). Our news and their news: The role of national identity in the coverage of foreign news. Journalism, 5(3), 343–368.
  70. Patterson, T. E. (1993). Out of order. New York: Knopf.
  71. Potter, G. W., & Kappeler, V. E. (2006). Constructing crime: Perspectives on making news and social problems. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
  72. Robinson, P. (2001). Theorizing the influence of media on world politics Models of media influence on foreign policy. European Journal of Communication, 16(4), 523–544.
  73. Scheufele, D. A. (2000). Agenda-Setting, priming, and framing revisited: Another look at cognitive effects of political communication. Mass Communication & Society, 3(2&3), 297–316.
  74. Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20.
  75. Schudson, M. (1996). The power of the news. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press
  76. Schudson, M. (2011). The sociology of news (2nd ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
  77. Semetko, H. A., & Valkenburg, P. M. (2000). Framing European politics: A content analysis of press and television news. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109.
  78. Sheafer, T. (2007). How to evaluate it: The role of story-evaluative tone in agenda setting and priming. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 21–39.
  79. Sheafer, T., & Dvir-Gvirsman, S. (2010). The spoiler effect: Framing attitudes and expectations toward peace. Journal of Peace Research, 47(2), 205–215.
  80. Sheafer, T., & Weimann, G. (2005). Agenda building, agenda setting, priming, individual voting intentions, and the aggregate results: An analysis of four Israeli elections. The Journal of Communication, 55(2), 347–365.
  81. Strömbäck, J., & Dimitrova, D. V. (2011). Mediatization and media interventionism: A comparative analysis of Sweden and the United States.
  82. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(1), 30–49.
  83. Terkildsen, N., & Damore, D. F. (1999). The dynamics of racialized media coverage in congressional elections. Journal of Politics, 61, 680–699.
  84. Thussu, D. K. (2008). News as entertainment: The rise of global infotainment.
  85. Thousand Islands, CA: Sage.
  86. Thomas, E. (2008). The Myth of Objectivity. Newsweek, 43–44.
  87. Tuchman, G. (1978). Making news: A study in the construction of reality. New York: Free Press.
  88. Valentino, N. A., Beckmann, M. N., & Buhr, T. A. (2001). A spiral of cynicism for some: The contingent effects of campaign news frames on participation and confidence in government. Political Communication, 18(4), 347–367.
  89. Van Gorp, B. (2007). The constructionist approach to framing: Bringing culture back in. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 60–78.
  90. Williams, B. A., & Carpini, M. X. D. (2011). After broadcast news: Media regimes, democracy, and the new information environment. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  91. Yang, J. (2003). Framing the NATO air strikes on Kosovo across countries comparison of Chinese and US newspaper coverage. Gazette, 65(3), 231–249.
  92. Wolfsfeld, G. (2004). Media and the Path to Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  93. Wolfsfeld, G. (2004). Media and the Path to Peace. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  94. Wolfsfeld, G. (2008). When the press fails: Political power and the news media from Iraq to Katrina-by W. Lance Bennett, Regina G. Lawrence, & Steven Livingston. Journal of Communication, 58(1), 198–199.
  95. Wolfsfeld, G. (2011). Making sense of media and politics: Five principles in political communication. New York: Routledge.
  96. Wolfsfeld, G., Alimi, E. Y., & Kailani, W. (2008). News media and peace building in asymmetrical conflicts: The flow of news between Jordan and Israel.
  97. Political Studies, 56(2), 374–398.
  98. Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., & Sheafer, T. (2013). Social Media and the Arab Spring Politics Comes First. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115–137.
  99. Zelizer, B. (2009). The changing faces of journalism: Tabloidization, technology and truthiness. New York: Routledge.
  100. Zhou, Y., & Moy, P. (2007). Parsing framing processes: The interplay between online public opinion and media coverage. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 79–98.
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 88
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 122